Turkic Cosmology: The Three Worlds

Introduction

Turkic cosmology offers a structured vision of the universe, organized around three superimposed and interconnected worlds. This conception, shared by Turco-Mongol peoples, forms the foundation of their spirituality and shamanic practices.

The Three Worlds

The Turkic universe is vertically divided into three distinct realms, each inhabited by specific beings and governed by particular forces.

The celestial world (Üst Dünya) is the domain of Tengri, the supreme sky god, and benevolent spirits. It is a place of pure light, divided into several levels or "heavens" (usually seven or nine depending on traditions). Ülgen and celestial deities reside there.

The terrestrial world (Orta Dünya) is the realm of humans, animals, and nature spirits. It is the space of balance, where celestial and subterranean forces meet and interact.

The underworld (Alt Dünya) is the domain of Erlik Khan, lord of the dead and malevolent spirits. It is a place of darkness where souls descend after death.

The Cosmic Axis

These three worlds are connected by a cosmic axis, usually represented by the Tree of Life (Hayat Ağacı). This gigantic tree plunges its roots into the underworld and raises its branches to the sky, enabling communication between different levels of existence.

Shamans symbolically use this axis during their spiritual journeys, climbing toward the sky to consult celestial spirits or descending to the underworld to negotiate with Erlik.

Cardinal Directions

Turkic cosmology also places particular importance on the four cardinal directions, each associated with colors and symbolic meanings. The east, direction of the rising sun, is particularly sacred and associated with the blue color of the sky.

Legacy and Continuity

This cosmological vision has profoundly influenced the art, architecture, and rituals of Turkic peoples. It persists today in many folk traditions and is experiencing a renewed interest with the neo-Tengrist movement.